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  • "PROFESSIONS IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY"

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    GENERAL INTRODUCTION
    Objective of the subject:
    Introduce the student, in a first step, to all the sectors covered by the field of Science and Technology and in a second step a range of professions to which these sectors lead.
    In the same context, this subject introduces the new challenges of sustainable development as well as the new professions that can result from them.
    Recommended prior knowledge
    Definitions:
    1- M E T I E R
    a) Occupation that allows you to earn your living.
    Ø  The profession of engineer.
    Ø  This actor has a job;
    Ø  A professional: A doctor, a carpenter, etc.
    b) Each sector of activity of a company or industrial group.
    c) Machine used for manufacturing fabrics
    Ø  Weaving loom.
    Ø  Embroidery loom: Frame on which certain works are stretched.
    2- S C I E N C E
    a) Knowledge that one has of a thing
    Ø  The science of good and evil;
    Ø  They say: This man is a well of science.
    b) Sciences based on calculation and observation
    Ø  Mathematics – Physics – Chemistry – Etc…
    Ø  We also say exact sciences or family of hard sciences.
    c) Humanities
    Ø  Who have man as their object.
    d) Natural sciences
    Ø  Who study nature and its laws.
    e) Pure sciences
    Ø  Including the object and fundamental knowledge as opposed to applied sciences.
     
    HAVE INFUSED SCIENCE
    It’s pretending to know everything without having studied
    3- S A V O I R
    Body of knowledge that we acquire through study, experience, observation, etc.
    1. Know-how
    Ø  Competence, ability acquired in the exercise of a trade, a profession.
    2. Branches of knowledge
    Ø  Together, system of knowledge on a given subject.
    4- T E C H N I Q U
    1. All applications of scientific knowledge to production needs and utility products.
    2. Particular process used to successfully complete a concrete operation, to manufacture a material object or adapt it to its function.
    3. Set of means and processes implemented in the practice of an activity.
    Ø  The technique of painting on silk;
    Ø  The technique of controlling road vehicles.
    5- T E C H N O L O G I E
    Study of industrial techniques considered as a whole or in a field of activity.
     
    Economic sectors-Sectors of activity
    A sector of economic activity is the grouping of manufacturing, industrial, commercial or service companies which have the same main activity.
    There are three main economic sectors:
    1. Primary
    2. Secondary
    3. Tertiary
    A branch of activity brings together homogeneous production units.
    The classification by sectors of economic activity should not be confused with professional classifications.
    Primary sector
    Ø  Agriculture;
    Ø  Mining;
    Ø  Logging;
    Ø  Fishing.
    Secondary sector
    The secondary sector brings together activities linked to the transformation of raw materials from the primary sector.
    Ø  Industry (automobile, armaments, railway, naval, aeronautics, astronautics, space, mechanics, electronics, electrotechnics, energy, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, agri-food, wood, paper, textiles, energy production, household appliances, etc.).
    Ø  Building and public works;
    Ø  Housing;
    Ø  Crafts.
    Tertiary sector
    Ø  Health;
    Ø  Education – training;
    Ø  Higher education, & scientific research;
    Ø  Justice;
    Ø  Culture;
    Ø  Commerce;
    Ø  Finance – insurance;
    Ø  Transport – logistics;
    Ø  Tourism;
    Ø  Safety – environment;
    Ø  Sports;
    Ø  Water – tick;
    Ø  Other services.

  • CHAPTER I « Professions in electronics, electrical engineering, communication systems and new sensor technology » 

    Professions in electronics, electrical engineering, communication systems and new sensor technology
    ·         Electronics industry, electrotechnics ;
    ·         Instrumentation and microsystems.
    Preamble
    ·         Electronics have widely penetrated into our daily lives ;
    ·         Portable ;
    ·         equipment of our cars ;
    ·         computers ;
    ·         media players ;
    ·         household appliances that we have at home ;
    ·         …….
     
    What is electronics?
    1. Electronics is the science of controlling the movement of electrons.
    2. Electronics is a branch of applied physics, dealing among other things with the shaping and management of electrical signals, making it possible, for example, to transmit or receive information. The adjective “electronic” also designates what is related to the electron.
    What we call “electric current” is none other than a current, a movement of electrons. These can circulate freely in so-called conductive bodies, such as copper which is used to manufacture electrical cables.
     
    Electronics professions
    The professional fields that represent electronics professions are found in the following areas:
    ·         Audiovisual-multimedia equipment ;
    ·         Computer equipment ;
    ·         Professional audiovisual equipment ;
    ·         Home comfort equipment (domestic appliances) ;
    ·         Household appliances ;
    ·         Alarm and security equipment ;
    ·         Telecommunications equipment and networks ;
    ·         On-board electronic equipment ;
    ·         Observation, analysis and measurement instrumentation equipment. etc. . . . .
    Materials and current in electronics
     The excellent conductivity of copper and its alloys explains its large-scale use in the electronics industry. Copper allows electronic installations to operate faster, reduce heat generation and last longer: in short, to have ever higher performance.
     Electronics is the field par excellence of “low currents” whose intensity level is of the order of a milliampere.
    What is electrical engineering?
     Electrical engineering is the study of the technical applications of electricity,
     the discipline which studies the production, transport, treatment, transformation and use of electrical energy,
     Traditionally we associate electrical engineering with “strong currents” as opposed to “weak currents” which would be the exclusive domain of electronics.
    Application fields
     It is extremely vast and concerns many industrial companies, in the areas of:
    1. The production and transport of electrical energy (thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, solar power plants, wind fields, electricity transmission networks, transformation station, etc.
    2. Manufacture of electrical equipment (electric motors, circuit breakers, contactors, switches, etc.)
     Electrical engineering is closely linked to electronics and automation to which it frequently uses, in particular for motor control.
    Electrical engineering professions
     The professional fields which represent the electrical engineering professions are found in the following areas:
    1. Electrical machines (electric motors, generators, alternators, converters, etc.);
    2. Electrical voltage transformers;
    3. Electricity networks (BT, MT, HT);
    4. Storage, (battery, Capacitors);
    5. Electrical installation and safety equipment (meters, circuit breakers, disconnectors, electrical cables, etc.)
     Communication systems


    Function
    The function of a communication system is to ensure the transport of information between a transmitter and one (or more) receiver(s) connected by a communication channel or medium.
    This information is transported in the form of a signal. Examples of communication systems taken outside the computer science field are: the telephone, television, hi-fi devices.
    What is a communications protocol?
    A protocol is a standard specification that allows communication between two devices. These are rules and procedures that define the type of encoding and speed used during communication, as well as how to establish and terminate the connection.
    There are a multitude of communication protocols, such as VPN (Virtual Private Network) protocols, the aim of which is to create a direct link between remote computers.
    Function of the communications system engineer
    The communications systems engineer imagines, designs, develops, manages and secures communications networks promoting the exchange of information in the form of signals, images, sounds and films. Their field of activity lies at the crossroads of: computer science, mathematics and telecommunications.
    Their fields of application range from smart cards to remote surgery, including mobile phones, laptops, servers, the Internet, the web and business networks.
    The scope of communication systems engineers is vast and constantly evolving.
    Professional outlook
    1. Companies or administrations which must set up and manage an IT network (multinationals, banks, hospitals),
    2. Telecommunications companies;
    3. Service companies that develop around the Internet.
    4. Research & teaching;
    5. Consulting engineering offices; etc . . . . .
    Sensors
    Devices used in the detection & measurement of physical quantities. They fall into the field of instrumentation.
    They transform the state of the physical quantity into an exploitable quantity, very often an electrical current or voltage.
    They rely on a multitude of physical principles (induction, photoelectricity, piezoresistivity, laser, etc.).
    New Sensor Technology
    ·         Based mainly on microelectronics ;
    ·         These are so-called “intelligent” on-board sensors (automobile, airplane, etc.) ;
    ·         They communicate with each other ;
    BusCan currently used for data transmission in most gear.
    What is Automatic?
    The automatic is a science that deals with the modeling, analysis, identification and control of dynamic systems. It includes cybernetics in the etymological sense of the term, and has as theoretical foundations mathematics, the theory of signal and theoretical computer science. Automatic control makes it possible to control a system while respecting specifications (speed, overrun, stability, etc.).
    Automatic professionals are called automation engineers.
    The objects that automatic allows us to design to proceed with the automation of a system (automata, regulators, etc.) are called automation systems or the control-command bodies of a controlled system.
    Example of automation
    1. Programmable controller for production systems, microprocessor card for industrial or home automation applications,
    2. Supervision systems that can process information from a large number of sensors in real time and control multiple actuators (electricity production plants, continuous industrial systems, air or rail traffic control),
    3. Industrial and autonomous robots,
    4. Embedded applications for automobiles (ABS, ESP, hybrid engine) or avionics, etc.
    History and evolution of computing
    The goal of the industrial revolution was to replace man in physical work. This technology was primarily geared toward force transmission, manipulation, and force control.
    A parallel technology relating to the manipulation and transmission of information has come to support it. The latter aims to replace man with the monotony of mental exercise.
    The history of computing can be divided into three main parts:
    a. The period before the Second World War which corresponds to the invention of mechanical calculating machines and the first electromechanical calculators;
    b. The period of the Second World War which was decisive and even decisive in the manufacture of the first computers;
    c. The period after the war which saw computing enter industry, services, schools and homes.
    Professions in automation and industrial computing
    a. The automation technician or engineer knows everything about robots and programmable controllers, from their design to their commissioning, including their maintenance. He can work in:
    b. The manufacturing industry,
    c. Processing industries,
    d. Home automation but also in special machines.
    e. Process industries such as cement, oil exploitation or chemical industries, most of them occupy the functions of control, command or instrumentation engineer.
    f. Automation engineers who specialize in the creation of special machines must be versatile, mastering mechanics with software such as SEE Electrical or Autocad or even Catia, pneumatics, hydraulics and electrical engineering.
    g. Automation specialists who specialize in industrial computing must know inside out industrial networks or fieldbuses, databases and modes of communication with programmable controllers.
     

  • CHAPTER II "Process Engineering" 

    1.      Introduction to Process Engineering.
    2.      Introduction to mining engineering.
    3.      Hydrocarbons and petrochemical industry.
    4.      Hygiene and safety.
    1.    Introduction to Process Engineering
    Since the middle of the 19th century, applied chemistry and then “industrial chemistry” has been considered as part of the body of knowledge that chemistry as a science represents.
    It brings together all the technical but also economic, energy and environmental data concerning the manufacturing processes of a large number of industrial products, whether strictly chemical of synthetic origin or not (styrene, PET, pharmaceutical active molecules, gas air, sulfur, etc.) or whether they are derived from processes related to the chemical industry (plasters, starch, nuclear fuels, electronic components, paints or formulated adhesives, etc.)
    Process engineering is a younger discipline. Originally, in the USA (early 20th century), it was called “chemical engineering”. It is none other than chemical engineering each time it is applied to material transformation process industries other than the chemical industry.
    Process engineering is the set of concepts and methods making it possible to design, size, optimize and even conduct all material transformation processes, whether it involves producing plastics, medicines, drinking water, special steels, energy...or treat effluents.
    Chemical engineering thus allows the transition from a laboratory synthesis to an industrial process as well as its operation while respecting economic, technical, environmental and safety constraints.
    The Objective of the process engineering specialist
    The process engineering or chemical engineering engineer is involved in setting up the installations and their validation. It must take into account, among other things, all aspects of reliability, security and ergonomics of the systems.
    Engineers in process engineering and chemical engineering can be found in all sectors of activity in chemistry, parachemistry (cosmetics, paints, adhesives, materials, agrochemistry, glass, plastics processing, elastomers, etc.) and other sectors (pharmacy). , energy, automobile, aeronautics, nuclear, petroleum, plastics, rubber, materials, environment, etc.).
    2.  Introduction to Mining Engineering
    A mine is an exploited deposit of materials (e.g. gold, coal, copper, diamonds, iron, salt, uranium, etc.).
    Mining Engineering:
    ·         Mining exploitation,
    ·         Exploitation of technologies and management methods of associated industries, namely production/transformation of energy and raw materials.
    Mine exploitation poses many problems, and therefore involves many fields of science:
    ·         Prospecting, earthworks, Wells & galleries, retaining, loading, rolling, extraction, lighting, dewatering, ventilation, etc.
    This is the reason why in most countries specific engineering schools, mining schools, have been created.
    Mining engineering training
    Training in the mining engineering field covers:
    ·         Geosciences (Geology, Geophysics, Petrography, Geostatistics);
    ·          Mathematics, Computer Science;
    ·         Rock mechanics, Geomechanics;
    ·         Exploitation of open-cast and underground mines;
    ·         Mineral valorization and processing;
    ·         Land Control and Geo Engineering;
    ·         Digital design and modeling (CAD, CAD);
    ·         Security, Economy and Business Management;
    Area of ​​intervention
    The main areas of intervention of the mining engineer concern:
    ·         The open-air and underground extractive industry,
    ·         The development of extracted mineral substances,
    ·         Planning, operation, and management of mines.
    ·         It is also used in various sectors of public works and civil engineering such as earthworks, basic infrastructure and engineering structures (bridges, tunnels, railways, dams, etc.), land control and georisks.
    Opportunities
    The mining sector offers excellent job prospects both nationally and internationally, engineers work in the different sectors of mining, civil engineering, public works, public administrations (Ministries, Control Agencies ), private sector, consulting and materials analysis and testing laboratories, research centers.
    Employers
    1. Public administration ;
    2. Research centers ;
    3. Mining companies ;
    4. Mining Equipment Companies ;
    5. Consulting engineering firms ;
    6. Financial institutions ;
    7. Processing plants.
    Hydrocarbons and Petrochemical industry
    Oil
    Crude oil is a heterogeneous mixture of various hydrocarbons (molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms), unusable as is. Its components must be separated in order to obtain the final products that can be used directly. There are generally two main types:
    ·         Energy products, such as gasoline, diesel or fuel oil;
    ·         Non-energy products, such as lubricants, bitumen and naphthas used in petrochemicals.
    ORIGIN
    Hydrocarbons (CnHm) constitute a source of fossil energy: Oil, natural gas, shale gas.
    Fossil fuels are rich in carbon in the form of hydrocarbons, they come from the methanization of decomposing biological beings and buried in the ground for several million years.
    These are energies which are therefore not renewable, in the same way as nuclear energy, because their natural reconstitution requires a long time to be reformed and because they are used faster than the time necessary for the recreation of reserves.
    The exploitation of these fuels is at the origin of environmental problems relating to ecological disturbances linked to their extraction and their use, with global warming which would be responsible for greenhouse gases such as CO2 emitted by their combustion.
    Oil refinery
    Oil refining is an industrial process that transforms crude oil into different products such as gasoline, heavy fuel oil or naphtha.
    Refining consists of separating the various cuts of petroleum and transforming them into intermediate and commercial products.
    Petrochemicals
    Petrochemistry is the science concerned with the use of basic chemical compounds from petroleum to manufacture other synthetic compounds which may or may not exist in nature; in the latter case, these compounds are called artificial. These fabrications are, in general, based on appropriate chemical reactions in the presence or absence of a catalyst. For example, during petroleum refining, the naphtha cut from atmospheric distillation can serve as feedstock for a steam cracking (or steam cracking) unit.
    This naphtha can be cracked in a steam cracker, and produces unsaturated, fragile products that can be transformed into plastics and other cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. This is how from oil we can manufacture plastic materials of all kinds which are then used as raw materials in the construction sectors and in the electrical, electronic, textile, aeronautics and other industries.
    Hydrocarbon exploitation
    Four stages in the hydrocarbon exploitation process:
    1. Production
    ·      Extraction - Drilling - Off shore.
    2. Transportation
    ·      (Oil pipeline, gas pipeline, pumping or compression station).
    3. Treatment
    ·      Refining: extraction of by-products ;
    ·      Liquefaction.
    4. Operation & Marketing.
    ·      Extraction- Oil ;
    ·      Gas Extraction.
     
     
     
    Pipeline Transportation
    The Pipeline Transport Activity (TRC) ensures the transport of hydrocarbons (crude oil, condensate, LPG and natural gas) and has a pipeline network of nearly 19 623 km in 2015 compared to 14 915 in 2005, i.e. increase of 4 708 km:
    16 gas pipelines with a length of 9,677 km, with diameters varying mainly between 40” and 48” with a capacity of 178 billion m3/year.
    21 oil pipelines with a length of 9,946 km, with diameters varying mainly between 20” and 34” and a capacity of 248 Million Toe/Year.
    a. Enrico Matei, connecting Algeria to Italy via Tunisia ;
    b. Pedro Duran Farrel, connecting Algeria to Spain via Morocco ;
    c. Hassi R’Mel - Béni-Saf, connecting Algeria to Spain (Almeria) via Medgaz.




    Pumping & Compression Stations
    ·         Sonatrach has 82 pumping and compression stations equipped with more than 290 main rotating machines with a total power of nearly 03 million HP ;
    ·         Turbopumps for the pipelines of the Oil pipeline circuit ;
    ·         Turbocompressors for gas pipeline circuit pipes.
    Gas Compression Station
    GR-5 Hassi – Rmel



    Transportation By Sea




    Distillation
    Atmospheric distillation of crude oil, at a pressure close to that of ambient air, separates it into different petroleum cuts. Under the effect of heat, the lightest and most volatile products, such as butane, propane and light gasolines, rise to the top of the distillation column where they are collected. Others will be at different levels of this column: heavy gasoline, kerosene, diesel cuts and domestic fuel oil. The residue, or heavy fuel oil, is extracted at the bottom of the column.
    A second distillation, under vacuum, of these residues makes it possible to recover more diesel. The residue obtained at the bottom of the column then no longer contains diesel or light products. It is used in the manufacture of bitumen and heavy fuel oils.


    Conversion processes
    Different conversion processes make it possible to modify the chemical structure of petroleum cuts resulting from distillations. Thus, catalytic cracking breaks down heavy molecules under the action of a catalyst and a high temperature (around 500°C) to transform them into lighter products: gases, gasolines and diesel fuels. Hydrocracking follows the same principle but allows, with the addition of hydrogen, to produce sulfur-free diesel. Deep conversion processes, such as coking, make it possible to further increase the production of light hydrocarbons from heavy fuel oils.
    Steam cracking
    Steam cracking is a petrochemical process by which saturated hydrocarbons are broken into smaller, and often unsaturated, molecules. It is therefore the main source of production of alkenes (ethylene, propylene, etc.), monomers at the origin of many plastic materials.
    Hygiene safety
    a. Definition and different axes of the HSE sector.
    b. Sectors of activity.
    c. Role of the specialist and training of the specialist in HSE.

  • Section 3

  • Section 4