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• Select topic Writing Methodology (WM)

  Writing Methodology (WM)

  This expression must be able to answer the question HOW?,  the technique of writing any written document.

  The proposal for the “Writing Methodology” Discovery Unit for the first years of Common Core in Science and Technology (ST) and Material Science (SM) was motivated by the shortcomings observed among our students in the past, especially, when they are required to submit an official document relating to their training within the prescribed deadlines.

  This course does not aim to improve the language of writing but the way of structuring an individual piece of writing. We imply in writing; any document that allows us to communicate with others to formulate a request, present skills or write a dissertation, a thesis or simply an article of which we are the main author.

  The first chapter is a reminder of the general notions on the techniques and standards to be respected when writing with an application to a report then an administrative letter. We found it useful to include the curriculum vitae which remains a very useful document which must be written with as much care as possible in an attractive and good quality format.

  In the second chapter we focus on bibliographic research both in terms of methodology for searching for a work and in terms of citing references.

   Many of our students are unaware of the sources and the procedure to follow to carry out a complete search for information.

  We will explain the two main sources which are the classic paper library and the more modern one, online on the Internet.

   We will explain how to synthesize the information and how to use it in a personalized work.

  The third chapter focuses on writing techniques and procedures that include punctuation, syntax, and sentences.

   We will discuss sentence length and paragraph division.

   The style used in writing a scientific work, the objectivity and the intellectual rigor followed are developed in this chapter.

   
• Select topic CHAPTER I "Writing a practical work report (PW)"

  CHAPTER I "Writing a practical work report (PW)"

  Writing a practical work report (PW)

      I.1. Introduction:

  A practical work report is the first scientific document that you are required to write.

        As such, it must be written in a concise and clear style, avoiding any form of literary or telegraphic style.

       Scientific language has terms with a precise and unequivocal meaning; they must be used as necessary without overusing them.

  A poorly chosen term can sometimes completely modify the meaning of a sentence or make it

  incomprehensible. Abbreviations may be used provided they have been defined in the report when first used.

  In particular, it is essential to have assimilated the course content before each practical work session. The structure of a practical work report includes: a title, an introduction, a theoretical part,

  an implementation part, the results, their interpretation and a conclusion.

  The report must be sent to the teacher concerned within a maximum of 1 week (if your practical work took place on Friday the 10th, the report must be received no later than Friday the 17th).

  A report not given or delivered after the deadline automatically results in a zero for the pair.

  I.2. Purpose of reporting:

  The report is a summary of the work carried out during the session.

  - It allows you to retain what you have learned by carrying out the manipulations.

  A report is above all a working document for your personal use.

  - It also allows the teacher to check that the work has been carried out correctly and that you have correctly

  including the course chapter associated with the manipulations.

  The report must be carried out by two students maximum.

  I.3. Technical Report Content

  It must contain an introduction and a conclusion.

  a) Introduction:

  The introduction briefly presents the objective of the practical work. This part is very important because a well-written introduction which clearly presents the interest of the manipulation gives the reader a favorable impression for the rest.

  b) Core of the report:

  The PW statement is organized according to a logical progression. The successive manipulations should lead you to understand a particular point of the theme addressed. Therefore, you need to make this progression appear.

  - Before dealing with a question or a group of questions, ask yourself what we want you to discover. Then explain the purpose of the manipulation you are going to carry out.

  - Then describe the manipulation, precisely enough to be able to do it again later.

  You can insert screenshots and diagrams to illustrate your point. Any document provided must include a caption.

  - Finally, write a conclusion to the question. Your conclusion answers the problem presented in the introduction to the question.

  Remember that the reader of the report must be able to read it without having to refer to the statement to understand your steps and manipulations.

  c) The theoretical part:

  We present the principle of the experiment that we have to carry out. It is often a physical law that is applied for an analysis method. It is then necessary to present the equation (mathematical form of the relationship between physical quantities),

  the parameters (physical quantities kept constant during the experiment) and the variables of the experiment. We must not forget to give the values ​​of the physical constants in the units of measurement or calculation.
  

  II.  Calculations:

  If calculations are carried out, they must be presented in the form of 3onlin equations:
  
  

  Y = a.x+ b = 2.73 x 4.02 + 10.45 = 21.42 kg

   

  If we have to measure the slope of a line on a graph, we must take the largest possible values ​​of x and y, that is to say at the level of the axes.

  i) Interpretation:

  Every scientific experiment is followed by an interpretation. As part of the practical work, it will be necessary to provide the variables involved and the essential comments on the experience. It is your results that you should comment on, not those you should have obtained.

  ➢ Take into account the uncertainties linked to the measurements.

  ➢ Highlight influencing factors, a relationship between quantities...

  ➢ Carry out the necessary calculations to validate your hypotheses

  ➢ If you have questions in your practical work sheet,

  ➢ You must answer them because they are there to guide you.

  The questions asked in the statement of a TP are there to guide you in your writing, and therefore their answers must appear in your report

  j) Conclusion:

  The report ends with a conclusion which must draw a lesson from the work carried out in relation to the set objective, and attempt a generalization - if necessary - of the process and the results.

  You can also provide a personal assessment of the work (comparison of the values ​​obtained with references, improvement to be made to the handling, discussion of the results, etc.).

  Recall the essential points covered in the practical work and the conclusions drawn from the manipulations. The conclusion should allow the teacher to check what you have learned from the session.

   Indicate whether the initial hypotheses are validated or not;

   Propose a response to the problem posed;

   Say if the objective has been achieved;

   Compare the results you obtained to those in the literature (your simulation, calculations, web, encyclopedia, etc.).

  If the results do not confirm the hypotheses, investigate whether this difference is due to an error in handling, design of the protocol, or the principle of the experiment.

   

  I.4. Form of report:

   Write sentences in French. Ban the telegraphic style and excessive abbreviations;

   Correct spelling mistakes;

   Never copy/paste the course, the help of the software used or the OS, or websites!;

  You can help yourself, but your summary must be personal. You can make quotes, but you must then specify the source and explain the cited paragraph.

   Never answer only yes or no to a question... You must always justify your answer;

   Always insert a complete diagram of the assembly studied;

   Use screen prints to illustrate your point. They must include a numbered legend to which you will refer in the body of the report. They should not be on a black background to save ink!;

  I.5. Report evaluation criteria:

  The rating takes into account:

   The relevance of the manipulations carried out and the accuracy of the conclusions;

   The choice of technical vocabulary;

   From the spirit of synthesis of the document;

   The quality of the introduction and conclusion;

   The quality of writing and spelling;

  Don't forget that the PW report (C.R.) is also a work of communication between the members of the pair, and not that of just one!

  On the other hand, I expect from you a faithful, original and lively report. So awaken your creativity and the taste for a job well done that lies dormant within you and the grade will be accordingly.

  Web graphics:

  http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiam/williams/tp/Pharmacie/Compte rendu.pdf

  http://http://igm.univ-mlv.fr/~lohier/IR/Consignes_Compte-rendu.pdf

  perso.numericable.fr/~ascoutry/fichiers/methode_redaction_compte rendu_TP.pdf
• Select topic CHAPTER II " Writing a letter"

  CHAPTER II " Writing a letter"

  Writing a letter

  II.1. Introduction

  The letter is a written document that leaves an impression that can represent solid proof and testimony for or against oneself. We can distinguish two categories of letters: the administrative letter (official) and the friendly letter (unofficial).

  The official letter is the essential tool for communicating in professional, commercial or administrative relationships. This category of letter is very codified in content and form. It is subject to rigorous rules of format and writing.

  On the other hand, the friendly letter does not obey strict rules of writing or presentation. We have great freedom to write to our friends, parents or colleagues about unofficial facts.

  As the administrative letter binds its author and can have significant consequences for its recipient, it must not leave room for any ambiguity (i.e. everything must be clear).

  Vague formulas are prescribed; it is necessary to use precise words and clear and unambiguous commitments. The business letter must be:

  Short: Because it is often read by a reader in a hurry who must make a decision.

  It remains a working tool in the commercial and business environment. You must limit yourself to providing the necessary and sufficient information to settle a transaction, deliver goods, place an order, request payment for a delivery, indicate an anomaly, etc.).

  Correct: A rigorous attachment to the truth is an absolute necessity.

  Inaccuracy or lies, even by omission, can cause a loss of customer trust and also affect the credibility of your business.

  To avoid confusion, do not say: "in response to your letter" but rather "in response to your letter of June 14" because other letters may have been sent after the one you have in your hands but, which you do not haven't received yet.

  Don't say "our terms are the same as your previous orders of the same item". This text may force your customer to look in his archives to see what the conditions of old orders were, which may annoy him.

  It is better to repeat the text of the conditions as many times as they are valid and mention if necessary that the conditions have not changed.

   

  Cautious: The writer of the letter must be careful to only commit to actions that he can take. 

       For example, avoid giving a delivery date when you know that the product is still in the manufacturing phase at    

       a manufacturer and that it is difficult to predict the timing of its packaging, transport and delivery to customers.

   Courteous: Even the attitude of your correspondent displeases and irritates you, be careful not to show it. 

          You will achieve nothing more by offending him. If he is slow to respond to an urgent letter, do not suddenly  

         accuse him of ill will. Give him enough time so that your letter, which may be incorrectly addressed, can be 

         returned to you by post.

  Then write a second time the letter which, out of politeness, you assume to have been lost. Show your good   

     faith; send a photocopy. If it is the good faith of your correspondent that you are questioning, re-send the  

     letter with acknowledgment of receipt.

  II.2. The official letter:

  The main rules to which the official letter is subject are:

       The layout; the appeal formula, content writing; the polite formula;

  a) Disposition rules:

  Include details on the format and color of the paper, the positioning of the sender's contact details, those of the recipient, the date and place of issue of the letter, the subject and the references of the person responsible for the file.

  Codified elements	Rules to observe	Place of elements
  Format and paper	21 x 29.7; white paper without line	-------------------
  Sender details	Sir, Madam, followed by first and last name, address, postal code, Phone and/or email address	Top, left
  Recipient details	Mr., Madam, followed by first and last name, address function, postal code, telephone and/or email address	Top, right Lower and date alignment
  Date and place of issue	For example, Blida on 10/22/2022	More above, right
  Other mentions of the subject	Object (reason for the letter), the reference, the name of the person responsible for the file	Top, left

  Table 1: Regulation  for layout of the letter.

   

  b) Appeal forms:

  Appeal formulas are used to appeal, attract attention but also to specify the function or title of the recipient of the letter. The most common expressions are:

   Sir, Madam (generally when we do not know the recipient's position).

   Sir (the Director, the Rector, the Dean, the Mayor, the President, etc.),

   Madam (the Director, the President, the Manager, the Dean, etc.).

   Master (Lawyer, Notary), His Excellency (Ambassador),

   My General, My adjutant, (the military).

    The header:

  Businesses pre-design stationery with pre-printed or pre-engraved letterhead in advance. The following information is entered:

   the logo of the company or institution ;

   name and address of the company ;

   telephone number ;

   fax number ;

  e-mail address ;

   legal form and amount of capital of the company commercial register registration number, VAT number.

   The layout of the text:

  We give here the most conventional layout of the text because it is possible that due to the position of the pre-printed header the layout may change.

  • Sender:

  If you do not have letterhead, and as indicated in table 1, write the name and address of the sender at the top left of the sheet.

  •   Date :

  The date is noted at the top right. It should be remembered that a letter without a date is not legally considered an official letter. Mention the place from which you are writing then the date: date in numbers, the month in full, the year in four digits. The name of the day is not indicated.

  Ex. October 22, 2022.

  • Initials:

  We write two groups of capital letters separated by an oblique bar: first the initials of the person who designed the text, then those of the person who typed it.

  •   References

  We often indicate the registration number given to the letter to which we respond, or a file number under the initials.

  • Margins

  Maintain a balance of the layout. The left margin should always be wide enough.

  •   Object of the letter

  This is a summary in a few words of the subject of the letter, which is underlined. It saves the reader time and subsequently simplifies file searches.

  • Sheet change

  Ellipsis points at the end of the page, a few spaces below the text indicate the transition to the next page. Number at the top of subsequent pages.

  •   Signature

  An unsigned letter is not considered legally and may be subject to rejection. The signature must always benefit from ample space. Consider interrupting a text early enough to take a second sheet.

  Type the title of the signatory, then leave the value of five to seven line spaces, and finally write their name in capital letters.

  •   Post Scriptum

  It is always written below the signature and announced by the initials P.-S.

  •   Attachments

  Their purpose is to inform the reader that he will find documents accompanying the letter he receives, and are always indicated at the bottom of the first page, preceded by the initials P.J.
• Select topic "THE ENVELOPE"

  "THE ENVELOPE"

  THE ENVELOPE

  a) Format

  Common formats correspond to what we call the “square” envelope and the “long” envelope, i.e. 114 x 162 mm and 115 x 225 mm respectively.

  b) Commercial envelope

  Some envelopes, reserved for commercial use, are very practical: they have a transparent part in the usual place of the address. They are called „window envelopes‟.

  They avoid typing the address twice and making a recipient mistake. We remind you that a 21

  How do you fold a letter and put it in the envelope?

  1st Case:

    Where the envelope is long, you must make two folds (therefore three parts) in an accordion (see diagram 1) and insert it into the envelope in such a way as to have the first third where the addresses of the sender and recipient opposite.
  
  
  
  
  

  2nd Case

   Where the envelope is square, it will be necessary to fold it sideways again so that it can be inserted easily (see diagram 2).

  a) Saving time: transmission of the message is fast and direct;

  b) A low cost: price of a telephone call or flat rate price;

  c) The possibility of communicating in real time or delayed, 24 hours a day;

  d) Selective or, on the contrary, very broad diffusion.

  II.4. The main messages of internal communication

  Their function is essentially to relate facts, exchange and transmit information within the framework of the work. Their structure is therefore often sober: text, few or no images.

  II.4. 1. The note

  It is a document that transmits hierarchically (تدريجيا) instructions (memo) or information about the company (information note). The memo always circulates in a downward direction and is followed by implementation.

  II.4. 2. Written expression

  There is no real language specific to business mail, but the language adopted must exclude colloquial language and adapt to the recipient and the circumstances.

  II.4. 3. Titles of civility

  They are obligatory in business letters.

  II.4. 4. Polite expressions

  Polite expressions depend on the relationship between the sender and the recipient.

   You write to a superior: “Please accept, Mr. Director, the expression of my respectful feelings. » or “Please accept, Sir, the expression of my devoted feelings. »

   from superior to inferior: “I pray you to receive the assurance of my perfectness”

   as equals: “I assure you of my distinguished greetings”

  II.4. 5. Mandatory information

  Any professional message must identify the sender and the recipient(s), specify the subject, references, place and date of issue.

  Certain documents must comply with specific presentation rules.

  Example: The business letter must be presented on company letterhead. It must include the signature of the issuer with an indication of his name and position.

  II.4. 5. Typography

  Typographic rules must be respected for hyphenation of words at the end of lines, abbreviations and even punctuation.

   

   

  Examples. Do not cut a word in the middle of a syllable; use the abbreviation “cm” for “centimeters”; put a space before a semicolon.

  Typography highlights certain information by creating contrasts. The development of the use of word processing software has made it possible, through the power of their functions, to reinforce quality requirements. For example :

   The choice of font type must be relevant and adapted to the nature of the writing;ü

  Example. Classic fonts (Arial, Times, etc.) are used for letters and notes, while more fancy fonts (إبداع) (Comic Sans MS, etc.) can be adopted for an invitation card or a flyer (نشرة دعائية).

   Font size 12 is recommended for body text, while a larger size is reserved for titles and subtitles;ü

   The “bold” style is preferred to underlining, which makes the message heavierü