OBJECTIVES

Upon completing this chapter, the student will be able to: 

      1.  Explain the fundamental principle and pharmacopoeial procedure for determining the colour of liquids and its significance in purity assessment.

2. Differentiate between mass density and relative density, and describe the pycnometer method for their determination. 

     3.   Define melting point, boiling point, and congealing point, and relate their determination to the identification and purity testing of pharmaceutical substances.

4.Compare the principles of Loss on Drying and Karl Fischer titration for water content determination, identifying the advantages and limitations of each.

       5.    Apply the principles of Polarimetry to calculate specific rotation and explain its critical role in characterizing chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients.    

           6.  Describe the principle of refractive index measurement and its application in identifying liquid substances and testing their purity