Course Content

Course Content

CHAPTER I: General Overview of Separation Methods

·         Definition and importance of separation in chemistry.

·         Separation of components from heterogeneous mixtures.

o    Solid–liquid mixtures: filtration, decantation, centrifugation.

o    Liquid–liquid systems: separation of immiscible liquids (separating funnel, decantation).

·         Treatment of homogeneous phases (physical and chemical techniques).

CHAPTER II: Separation by Phase Manipulation

·         Separation from liquid solutions.

·         Precipitation and elimination techniques.

·         Salting-out method: principle, mechanism, and applications.

CHAPTER III: Extraction by Chemical Reactions

·         Principles of separation based on chemical transformations.

·         Examples: selective precipitation, ion exchange, complexation.

·         Advantages and limitations.

CHAPTER IV: Extraction with an Immiscible Solvent

·         General principles of liquid–liquid extraction.

·         Partition law and Nernst distribution law.

·         Partition coefficient and distribution ratio.

·         Expression of extraction yield.

·         Simple extraction: definition, quantitative study, and practical implementation.

·         Multiple extractions and optimization strategies.

CHAPTER V: Separation by Change of State

·         General reminders on phase changes.

·         Sublimation: principle and applications.

·         Distillation techniques:

o    Simple distillation.

o    Fractional distillation (rectification).

o    Distillation of immiscible liquids (azeotropic and steam distillation).

CHAPTER VI: Chromatographic Methods

·         General principles and classification of chromatographic techniques.

·         Schematic representation and interpretation of a chromatogram.

·         Theoretical approaches:

o    Plate theory.

o    Peak shape and symmetry.

o    Adsorption and partition phenomena.

·         Kinetic theory of chromatography: H.E.T.P and Van Deemter equation.

·         Practical applications:

o    Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC).

o    High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

o    Gas–Liquid Chromatography (GLC).

CHAPTER VII: Osmosis & Dialysis

·         Osmosis: definition, principles, and applications in separation.

·         Dialysis: principle, mechanisms, and uses in analytical chemistry and biochemistry.