Section outline

  • Course content

    • Course Content صفحة

      Course Content

      CHAPTER I: General Overview of Separation Methods

      ·         Definition and importance of separation in chemistry.

      ·         Separation of components from heterogeneous mixtures.

      o    Solid–liquid mixtures: filtration, decantation, centrifugation.

      o    Liquid–liquid systems: separation of immiscible liquids (separating funnel, decantation).

      ·         Treatment of homogeneous phases (physical and chemical techniques).

      CHAPTER II: Separation by Phase Manipulation

      ·         Separation from liquid solutions.

      ·         Precipitation and elimination techniques.

      ·         Salting-out method: principle, mechanism, and applications.

      CHAPTER III: Extraction by Chemical Reactions

      ·         Principles of separation based on chemical transformations.

      ·         Examples: selective precipitation, ion exchange, complexation.

      ·         Advantages and limitations.

      CHAPTER IV: Extraction with an Immiscible Solvent

      ·         General principles of liquid–liquid extraction.

      ·         Partition law and Nernst distribution law.

      ·         Partition coefficient and distribution ratio.

      ·         Expression of extraction yield.

      ·         Simple extraction: definition, quantitative study, and practical implementation.

      ·         Multiple extractions and optimization strategies.

      CHAPTER V: Separation by Change of State

      ·         General reminders on phase changes.

      ·         Sublimation: principle and applications.

      ·         Distillation techniques:

      o    Simple distillation.

      o    Fractional distillation (rectification).

      o    Distillation of immiscible liquids (azeotropic and steam distillation).

      CHAPTER VI: Chromatographic Methods

      ·         General principles and classification of chromatographic techniques.

      ·         Schematic representation and interpretation of a chromatogram.

      ·         Theoretical approaches:

      o    Plate theory.

      o    Peak shape and symmetry.

      o    Adsorption and partition phenomena.

      ·         Kinetic theory of chromatography: H.E.T.P and Van Deemter equation.

      ·         Practical applications:

      o    Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC).

      o    High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

      o    Gas–Liquid Chromatography (GLC).

      CHAPTER VII: Osmosis & Dialysis

      ·         Osmosis: definition, principles, and applications in separation.

      ·         Dialysis: principle, mechanisms, and uses in analytical chemistry and biochemistry.