L1

Students often seek clear and concise resources to effectively grasp the mathematical
concepts covered in their curriculum. To meet this need, we have prepared this handout,
which offers carefully structured lessons and fully solved exercises aligned with the program
set by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research.
This document is a comprehensive course handout for Algebra 1, designed to align with the
national curriculum. It is structured into five core chapters, beginning with a foundational
review of Logic and Methods of Reasoning. This first chapter establishes the formal rules of
propositional logic, logical connectors, quantifiers, and essential proof techniques like direct
proof, contraposition, contradiction, and mathematical induction.
The second chapter, Sets and Applications (Maps), covers fundamental set theory, including
operations (union, intersection, complement) and their properties. It then defines the
concept of a map, exploring images, pre-images, and classifying maps as injective, surjective,
or bijective.

Chapter 3, Binary Relations, analyzes relations characterized by reflexivity, symmetry,
and transitivity (equivalence relations, which yield partitions and quotients) and those characterized
by reflexivity, antisymmetry, and transitivity (order relations).
The fourth chapter, Algebraic Structures, provides a systematic development of fundamental
algebraic systems. It begins with internal composition laws, their properties
(associativity, commutativity, distributivity), and the study of special elements (identity,
invertible, regular elements). This foundation leads to the formal definition of groups, including
subgroups, cosets, Lagrange’s Theorem, and group homomorphisms. The chapter
further extends to rings and fields, covering subrings, ideals, ring homomorphisms, and the
classification of fields including finite fields Fp.